PENGERTIAN MORPHOLOGY

CLASS :  MORPHOLOGY

                                   

EXCERCISE

1.      What is morphology?

a.       According to Mark Aronoff :

Morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright and philosopher Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749-1832), who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context, its etymologi is greek : morph- means ‘shape,form’, and morphology is the study of from or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structere of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In lingustics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal stucture, and how the are formed. The meaning of

b.      Morphology by Francis Katamba:

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. Analytical comparison of sound systems and word-formation patterns, the study of the evolution of words would illuminate the evolution of language just as in biology morphology, the study of the forms of organisms, had thrown light on the evolution of species.

2.      How is the intruction between morphology and phonology?

a.       According to Francis Katamba the interaction between morphology and phonology is the selection of the from that maniefests a given morphem may be influenced by the sounds that realize neighboring morphemes.

b.       According to FrancisKatamba the interaction between morphology and phonology is the selection of the from that maniefests a given morphem may be influenced by the sounds that realize neighboring morphemes.

3.      How is the intruction between morphology and syntex?

a.       According to Katamba :

            As regards the intraction with syntax, the form of the word may be affected by the syntactic construction in which the word is used. For intance, the verb walk has a number of forms incliding walk, walks and walked. Turning to semantics, the connection between morphology and the role of the lexicon or dictionary is to list the meanings of words.

4.      What is lexeme and give some examples?

a. According to Katamba :

            A lexeme is the smallest or minimal unit of lexicon in language that bears some meaning. Lexeme is basically an abstract notion used in lingustic morphology, the concrete realisation of which is a word. One lexeme can take up more than one inflection to form a set of many words known as inflected variants. For example, the lexeme PLAY can take up many forms like play, playing, plays and played. Lexeme is not equivalent to a word or morpheme in language. Sometime, one lexeme can be formed of more than one word and morpheme also. For example, the lexemes like take off and put up.

b. According by Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman:

A lexeme is a word with a specific sound and a specific meaning. Its shape may vary depending on syntactic context, a theoretical construct. A lexeme is a theoretical construct that corresponds roughly to one of the common senses of the term word. According to Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman the lexeme is a word with a specific sound and a specific meaning. Its shape may vary depending on syntactic context. Example: dog and dogs, distinct grammatical word forms of the same lexeme dog.

5.      What is word and give example?

a.       According to Katamba :

            The assumption that language contain words is taken for granted by most people. Even illiterate speakers know that there are word in their language. For instance, english speaker may not agree whether all right is one words or two and as result disputes may arise as to whether alright is the correct way of writing all right.

b.      According by Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman:

Defining words syntactically is one way that people have attempted to define words is to call them the smallest unit of syntax.

Defining words phonologically is words tend to be important units phonologically as well as syntactically.

6.      What is morpheme and give some examples?

a.       According to Mark arnoff :

Morpheme is the smallest lingustic pieces with a grammatical function. A morpheme may consist of  a word, such as a hand, or meaningful piece of word, such as the –ed of  looked. That can not devaided into smaller meaningful part. Another way  in which morphemes have been defined is as a meaning.

The term ‘morph’  a is sometimes used to refer specifically to the phonological realization of  morpheme. For example,the English past tense morpheme that we spell –ed has various morphs. It is realized as (t) after the voiceless (p) of jump (cf. Jumped), as (d) after the voiced (l) of repel (cf. repeled) and as (Əd) after the voiceless (t) of root or the voiced (d) of wed (cf. Rooted as wedded).

b.      According to Francis Katamba

Katamba is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure. Example: If we divided up the word fee [fi:] (which contains just one morpheme) into, say, [f] and [i:], it would be impossible to say what each of the sounds [f] and [i:] means by itself since sounds in themselves do not have meaning.