pengertian derivational dan contoh contoh

Morphology class

                        Summary derivational affixes and example

Derivational is the process of creating a new word out of one or more old words, either by adding a prefix or by compounding.

1a  Derivational into noun

Sometime the presence of  a derivational affix cause a major grammatical change, in other cases the change caused by derivational suffix may be minor. Beside can change meaning and change word class, derivational suffix is used to change a concrete noun into an abstract noun. Example, -ship  -friendship, leadhership,

Derivational prefixes do not normally after the word class of the base word; that is prefix is added to  noun to form a new noun with a different meaning, example:

·         Out + patient = outpatient

·         Ex + wife = exwife

·         Sub + ground = subground

Derivational noun suffixes : -acy, -age, -an, -al, -ian, -ance, -ancy, -ant, -ary, -ate, -ation, -dom, -er, -ess, -ful, -hood, -ing, -ive, -ment, -ness, -or, -ory, -ship, -th, -y. Examples:

Ø  Happy (adj) + ness = happyness (noun).

Ø  King (noun) + dom = kingdom (noun).

Ø  Child + hood = clildhood

Ø  Govern + ment = goverment

·         Changes noun to other word classes

-ity                  : purity, equality, ferocity, sensitivity

 -ness              : goodness, tallness, fierceness, sensitiveness

 -ism                : radicalism, conservatism

·         Changes verb to noun

-ance, -ence     : performance, ignorance, reference, convergence     

-ment               : announcement, commitment, development, engagement

-ing                  : painting, singing, building, ignoring

-ion                  : denunciation, commission, organisation, confusion

-al                    : refusal, arrival, referral, committal

-er                    : painter, singer, organiser, grinder

·         Change adjective to adjective

Eatable      = uneatable                        edible    = inedible

Readable   = unreadable                     legible   = illegible

Lawful      = unlawful                         legal       = illegal

Touchable = untouchable                    tangible = intangible

·         Changes verb to adjective

 -able ‘able to be Xed’     : breakable, readable, reliable, watchable

 -ent, -ant ‘tending to X’  : repellent, expectant, conversant

-ive ‘tending to X’           : repulsive, explosive, speculative

-ful                                    : e.g. joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful

-less                                   : e.g. joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless

-al                                      :e.g. original, normal, personal, national

-ish                                    : e.g. boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish

pengertian inflectional dan contoh-contoh

Morphology class

                        Summary about inflections into noun and verb

Inflectional is process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meaning.

Inflectional morpheme do not changes cognitive meaning. An inflectional morpheme does not alter the word class of the base to which it is attached. Inflectional morpheme are only able to modify the form of the word.

A.    Inflectional into noun

            Most countable nouns in English have two word forms; a singular and plural. A singular from cat, consisting of just one morpheme and a plural from cats, consisting of a root cat and the suffix –s.

There are also some countable nouns that express their plural with no suffix at all. Example ( teeth, men, feet, mice) where there is a change in the vowel of the root. However, there are also some whose plurals display not even a vowel change. For example, sheep, fish, deer, those.  The conclusion is addition inflectional suffix –s/-es to noun cause nouns meaning plural.

1. Inflectional affixes of nouns

1.      Plural forms

Singular	plural
Book Bag Table Chair Door Window Man Woman Child Pianist Tooth Foot Mouse	Books Bags Tables Chairs Doors Windows Men Women Cildren Pianists Teeth Feet Mice

2.      Possessions

Example :  that man’s bicycle

                  John’s book

John and mary’s house

3.      Pronouns

Subject	Object	Possessive
I You He She It We They	Me You Him Her It Us Them	My Your His Her Its Our Their

Example in the sentences : He loves her.

  She loves him.

B.     Inflectional into verb

Consider the following examples:

·         Read + s (third person singular present tense).

·         Load + ed (past tense).

·         See + en (perfect or passive participle).

·         Drink + ing (progressive participle).

Ø  Inflectional suffixes include :

·         -s third person singular present

·         -ed/-d past tense

·         -ing progressive/continous

·         -en/-t past participle

·         -s plural

·         ‘s gnetive

·         -er comparative

·         -est superlative

Ø  Inflectional affixes of verbs

1.      Tenses markers 

Regular verb			Irregular verb
Past	Present	Progressive	Past	Present	Progressive
Cooked Teached Studied Walked Looked	Cook Teach Study Walk Look	Cooking Teaching Studying Walking Looking	Went Wrote Read Sang Slept	Go Write Read Sing Sleep	Going Writing Reading Singing Sleeping

2.      Third Singular verb marker

Example :  I am sleeping.          

                  She is studying.

                  The old man walks in the roadside.

                  The cat looks at the mouse.

analytical and hortatory text

Analytical and hortatory text

                                                SMOKING

The outline :

1.      Part 1 GS            : A bad habit for our society.

           TS            : Smoking is very harmful for the health.

2.      Part 2 topic         : Smoking has very bad effect on human health.

3.      Part 3 topic           : The substances which are contained in cigarette such as tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous substances.

4.      Part 4 conclusion : Smoke is good for company but not for people.

Now, smoking has become a bad habit in our society. This bad habit has changed people’s lifestyles. They become more susceptible to disease and wasteful. Many people have started to smoke from almost every age  they are smoking. These smokers think that smoking can make them fell happy, relax and comfortable. Although, they do not think that smoking is very harmful for the health of themselves and others who are around them.

 Smoking has very bad effect on human health because all substances which are contained in cigarettes such as nicotine, tar and other toxic materials. Even it is smoke could pose serious problems for the health of people around smoker. This is some hazardous effect that can be caused from smoking. Alzhaimer disease is a type of syndrome that can attack brain cells so that the brain seemed to shrink and become small. Alzheimer disease is also said to be an old parent’s disease because the suffers will look like an old man even though they are still young. These finding have been published in the international journal of Alzheimer disease. This disease can effect the nerves motor and human’s muscle.

The substances which are contained in cigarette such as tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous substances. Tar contains apprpximately forty three ingredients that can cause cancer or called as carninogens subtances. Nicotine which is contained in cigarettes is a substances that can cause addiction effect so the smoker will be hard to quit smoking. Moreover nicotine is also substances in cigarettes that can cause heart disease. Even 25 % of heart disease’s patients are caused by smoking. In addition, smoking can also cause importance, disorders of pregnancy and fetus.

Smoke is good for accompany but not for people. It is true that smoking is very harmful to health of smoker and people around them. Therefore let us avoid smoking habit starting from us because it does not start from our own we cannot change anything in our surround. Then we can remaind our friend, family and people which are close to us to stay away from cigarettes because it would harm them. Without cigarette our life will healthier.